Memory system resembles 'beads on a string'

Our memories of actual experiences are like "beads on a string", say scientists after they discovered how the brain organises the sequence of memories.
Researchers at New York University identified the nature of brain activity that allows us to bridge time in our memories.
"Our memories are known to be 'altered' versions of reality, and how time is altered has not been well understood," said Lila Davachi, an associate professor in NYU's Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science and the study's senior author.
"These findings pinpoint the brain activity that explains why remember some events as having occurred closer together in time and others further apart," Davachi said.

While our actual experiences are quite fluid and not neatly organised, our memories of them are discrete - like "beads on a string," Davachi explained.
However, our recollections of the temporal distance among these events varies - in our memories, sometimes the beads are placed close together in time and sometimes they are spaced further apart.

"Temporal information is a key organising principle of memory, so it's important to understand where this organisation comes from," Davachi said.
Understanding this process may lead to ways to address maladies of memory organisation, such as schizophrenia, in which the ability to place recollections in temporal order is impaired.

Davachi and her co-author, Youssef Ezzyat, an NYU doctoral student, studied the brain's hippocampus.
The researchers had participants look at a series of pictures while monitoring brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The participants viewed objects and faces that were separated in time; each stimulus was also paired with a picture of a scene.
For every presentation, the participants were asked to imagine a scenario in which either the object or the face played a role in the scene they just viewed - the process was designed to create, or encode, a series of memories in the participants.

Later, after scanning, the participants performed a retrieval test in which they were presented with two stimuli (ie, object and face) from the preceding phase and asked to indicate how far apart in time the two items were when they were encoded.
Participants were given the following four response options: very close, close, far, and very far.
The results showed a relationship between hippocampal activity and how close or far in time the participants placed their memories.
When hippocampal activity was more stable across time, memories were remembered as having occurred closer together.
By contrast, when hippocampal stability was diminished, participants were more likely to recall the memories as having occurred further apart in time.