Detectives called for help from the public a week after the bones were discovered by a passer-by in bushland close to Wynarka, a small town about 130 kilometres (80 miles) southeast of Adelaide.
The girl's identity is not known and a man aged about 60, seen carrying a suitcase in the area some weeks ago, is being sought by police, Detective Superintendent Des Bray said.
Bray said the girl could have died some years ago as the clothing she was found with, including a black tutu, a pink shoe, a "Dora the Explorer" purple top and red sports shorts, dated as far back at 2007.
Although police had contacted all missing persons units and homicide squads across the vast country, there was no-one they had a "strong focus on".
Police said the black suitcase, which had faded to grey by the time it was found, was left behind a bush, and at "some stage" the remains were tipped out and the bag placed in full view of the road.
"We want people to think back into the past, back to 2007 and the years in between, think about little girls like this -- who lived near them, played near them, they may be related to -- and think about where those children are now," Bray said.
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