The flames were spreading quickly through an area of the Jemez Mountains west of Los Alamos along New Mexico Highway 4.
A towering plume of smoke could be seen from miles away.
Santa Fe National Forest spokeswoman Julie Ann Overton yesterday said the fire was about 32 kilometers away from Los Alamos and burn scars from previous fires in the area may keep it from hitting the city.
Gov Susana Martinez activated the state emergency operations center to help with a coordinated response to the fire.
"New Mexicans know better than most just how devastating wildfires can be, and as we face this year's fire season together, we're also reminding everyone to keep safety in mind and be prepared," Martinez said in a statement.
The fire was burning near the boundary between the Santa Fe National Forest and Valles Caldera National Preserve, officials said.
Miles to the east in Los Alamos, officials said they were prepared to help residents but no evacuation centers had been established.
At Los Alamos National Laboratory, one of the nation's top nuclear research centers, lab fire managers were monitoring the situation but noted that the flames were far from the lab.
The Jemez Mountains are dotted with pockets of homes and summer cabins and at the heart of the mountain range is the 362.6-sq kilometer national preserve.
Rangers said visitors were evacuated from the preserve earlier yesterday and that the fire was on the other of South Mountain, west of the visitors' center.
Sandoval County authorities initially reported that the fire was a controlled burn that got out of control, but forest officials said that wasn't the case since no prescribed fires were being conducted by federal or state agencies.
Overton said the cause of the fire was unknown and under investigation. The blaze was first reported about 10:45 AM yesterday.
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