The dozens of people were being smuggled last month along a well-established trafficking route used to move contraband, including people, from Niger to neighbouring Algeria, said Col. Garba Makido the governor of the Nigerien province of Agadez, south of where the bodies were found.
Officials were only alerted to the incident when a lone woman managed to stumble out of the desert earlier this month.
The next day, a father walking with his two young daughters also arrived. But his children perished of thirst just a few kilometres outside of Arlit, said Makido. A total of 21 people survived, most of whom made their way to towns at the Algerian border.
"This is a true tragedy," said Makido. "The prosecutor has opened an investigation and we plan to do everything we can to find the truck drivers."
The tract of land that runs across the continent just south of the vast Sahara desert has for decades been the province of smugglers and criminals, including the local chapter of al-Qaeda.
Tens of thousands of West African immigrants attempting to reach Europe each year have tapped into this perilous route, after authorities cracked down on sea routes via the Atlantic Ocean.
They travel from countries across the region to the Nigerien city of Agadez where they pay smugglers to ferry them across the ocean of sand in rickety trucks, braving one of the most austere landscapes on earth for a chance at a better life.
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