The suspect, who police said was known to authorities, was hauled into custody and transported to hospital, where he underwent surgery. The incident was not believed to be terror- related.
A female bystander suffered what police said appeared to be minor injuries and was hospitalised.
The incident prompted an hour-long lockdown on Capitol Hill in the heart of Washington, where staffers and frightened visitors were ordered to shelter in place.
"We believe that this is an act of a single person who has frequented the Capitol grounds before and there is no reason to believe that this is anything more than a criminal act," Capitol police chief Matthew Verderosa told reporters.
Verderosa said the suspect, who he did not identify, had entered a security checkpoint at the visitors centre.
"The suspect is currently undergoing surgery. His condition is unknown at this time," he told reporters.
No officers were injured in the incident and it was not yet clear how many of them had fired on the suspect, Verderosa said.
Local media identified the suspect as Larry Dawson of the southern state of Tennessee.
