Prince autopsy report hints at puzzling painkiller mystery

The report from the medical examiner who conducted Prince's autopsy is tantalising for what it does not say.
The single-page document lists a fentanyl overdose as the cause of death, but it offers few clues to indicate whether the musician was a chronic pain patient desperately seeking relief, a longtime opioid user whose habit became an addiction or a combination of both.
Blanks for contributing causes are marked "na" for "not applicable." A space for "other significant conditions" is also marked "na."
Authorities probably know much more than they are willing to discuss publicly as they seek the source of the fentanyl and consider criminal charges. For now, details in the report, combined with what's known about Prince's final days, hint at a fuller picture.

Among those details is a note that Prince's body had scars on the left hip and right lower leg. The report doesn't say, but it's possible the scars were evidence of past surgeries for joint pain. At least one friend has said Prince suffered years of hip and knee pain from his athletic stage performances.
In many ways, the 57-year-old superstar fit the description of a chronic pain patient who got hooked on opioids, said Andrew Kolodny, director of Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing. Opioids lead to tolerance, and some patients seek out stronger drugs after initial dosages stop working.

"We see far more overdose deaths in middle-aged people receiving legitimate prescriptions," Kolodny said, citing a 2013 study of 250 deaths. In the study, most overdose victims were middle-aged adults who had been prescribed opioids for chronic pain.

Relatives told researchers their loved ones, in the year before they died, had been misusing their medicine, taking more than prescribed or using painkillers to get high.
Less than a week before Prince died, his plane made an emergency stop in Illinois on a flight back to Minnesota following a concert in Atlanta. The Associated Press and other media organisations, citing anonymous sources, reported that first responders gave him an antidote commonly used to reverse suspected opioid overdoses.

Fentanyl is a powerful opioid prescribed by doctors to patients who develop a tolerance to other narcotics. It's also a street drug with ties to labs in China that produce fentanyl equivalents for global distribution.
Heroin-spiked fentanyl is marketed with brand names such as "China White" or "Fire.