Under heavy security, Putin arrived for a two-day visit expected to focus on energy cooperation and Russian investments during talks with Greek Prime Minister Alexis Tsipras.
Athens is keen to maintain its traditionally close ties with post-Soviet Russia, despite its participation in European Union sanctions against Moscow, and a gas pipeline project designed to limit Russia's regional energy dominance.
Putin was met at Athens Airport by Defence Minister Panos Kammenos as air force F-16s buzzed overhead as part of a welcoming ceremony.
Greece is also keen to reverse a slump in tourist arrivals from Russia last year.
"This will be the first time Putin has visited an EU country in the past six months and Russia-EU relations will be definitely on the agenda," said Alexander Kokcharov of the US-based IHS Country Risk group.
"Putin is likely to offer investment projects in Greece, most likely in energy and transport sectors. However, we do not expect that Greece would go against the EU consensus."
Tomorrow, Putin will visit the Monastery of St Panteleimon, which is inhabited by Russian monks.
It's set in the 1,000-year-old Mount Athos autonomous monastic community, from which women are banned.
He will be accompanied by the head of Russia's Orthodox Church, Patriarch Kirill of Moscow, who arrived in northern Greece today.
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