"You enjoy deep respect in Russia as an outstanding statesman who devoted his entire life to serving the people of Cuba," Putin wrote in a telegram posted on the Kremlin's website.
"It is hard to overestimate your personal contribution to the development of friendship and cooperation between our countries," the Russian leader wrote.
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Both loved as a hero and hated as a dictator, Castro is one of the giant figures of modern history who defied the United States to turn his island nation into a firm ally of the Soviet Union.
Ties between Moscow and Havana suffered after the collapse of the USSR as the massive flow of financial aid from Moscow dried up, delivering a major economic blow to the country.
Ex-KGB agent Putin has sought to bolster ties with Havana as he increasingly squares off against Washington and last met a frail Castro in 2014 during a visit to Cuba.
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