Rosberg, demonstrating Mercedes' superior adaptation to the sport's new hybrid technology, led from start to finish and took the chequered flag 24.5 seconds ahead of Australia's Ricciardo in his Red Bull debut.
McLaren's Kevin Magnussen, 21, came in narrowly behind Ricciardo in a brilliant performance in his first ever F1 race, becoming the first Danish driver ever to reach the podium.
Defending world champion Sebastian Vettel and pole-sitter Lewis Hamilton both managed only a handful of laps before retiring due to power issues as F1 absorbs a raft of technical changes.
After a marathon stewards' inquiry which ended about five hours after the race, Ricciardo's first ever top-three finish was erased, promoting Magnussen to second and his McLaren team-mate Jenson Button to third.
There was no immediate reaction from Ricciardo, who had already left the track by the time the decision was announced. But Red Bull said they would appeal.
Formula One has switched to quieter, turbocharged 1.6-litre V6 engines this year and introduced hybrid components as well as limits on both fuel load and fuel flow, which is capped at 100 kilos per hour.
"The team and (engine supplier) Renault are confident the fuel supplied to the engine is in full compliance with the regulations."
The hotly contended inquiry added a dash of intrigue to what had already been an eventful opening weekend characterised by the teams wrestling with the new technical requirements.
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