The Kremlin sought to play down the decision, saying it will only use its air force there, not ground troops.
Putin has to request parliamentary approval for any use of Russian troops abroad, according to the constitution. The last time he did so was before Russia annexed Ukraine's Crimean Peninsula in March 2014.
The Federation Council, the upper chamber of the Russian parliament, discussed Putin's request for the authorisation behind closed doors today.
Sergei Ivanov, chief of Putin's administration, said in televised remarks after the discussion that the parliament voted unanimously to give the green light to Putin's plea. The proposal does not need to go to another legislative body.
Ivanov told reporters that Russia decided to help Syrian President Bashar Assad in order to protect its own country from Islamic militants, not because of "some foreign policy goals or ambitions that our Western partners often accuse us of."
"We are talking about Russia's national security interests," Ivanov said, adding that that Moscow is worried about a growing number of Russian recruits going off to fight for the Islamic State group.
Putin's request comes after his bilateral meeting Monday with President Barack Obama on the sidelines of the United Nations General Assembly meeting in New York, where the two were discussing Russia's recent military buildup in Syria.
Ivanov said the motion comes after Moscow received a request from Assad asking for help.
He said the biggest difference between other countries conducting air strikes in Syria -- such as the US -- is that "they do not comply with the international law, but we do."
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