'Sewage sludge can be turned into concrete'

Dried sewage sludge could be recycled by adding it to cement to make concrete, scientists in Malaysia have discovered.
Disposing sludge left over from treating sewage water is a major challenge for wastewater plants in Malaysia.
While studies show that the volume of sludge is expected to rise, disposal options are limited due to strict environmental regulations, including a ban on burying sludge in soil due to its high heavy metal content, researchers said.
The construction sector seeks economic and ecological cement replacement materials in order to meet an increasing demand for concrete.
Researchers from Universiti Teknologi MARA in Malaysia investigated the potential to replace various quantities of cement with processed sewage sludge to create a concrete mixture.

They first produced domestic waste sludge powder (DWSP). They dried and burnt wet sludge cake to remove moisture, and then ground and sieved the dried sludge cake to make DWSP.

Using varying proportions of DWSP (3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 per cent), the researchers mixed the material with cement to produce normal strength and two higher strength grades of concrete.
They then compared each DWSP concrete mixture with normal concrete in terms of their compressive strength, water absorption, water permeability and permeability to salt.
Overall, the researchers found that while DWSP has a potential role in the manufacture of concrete, the performance of DWSP concrete blends tends to decline with increasing concentrations of DWSP.

For example, the compressive strengths of DWSP concrete generally decreased as the proportion of DWSP increased in concrete mix.
Also, both water absorption and water permeability increased as the percentage of DWSP increased. However, resistance to salt increased for concretes containing up to 15 per cent DWSP.
"Overall, there is potential for using DWSP as a partial cement replacement. However, more detailed research should be conducted to yield better quality powder," researchers said.
The study was published in the Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology.