Significant decline in sperm counts in Western men: study

Sperm concentration and total sperm count has significantly and steadily declined in Western men, a study has found.
Researchers from Hebrew University in Israel and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, US carried out the first systematic review and meta-analysis of trends in sperm count.
By screening 7,500 studies and analysing 185 studies between 1973 and 2011, they found a 52.4 per cent decline in sperm concentration, and a 59.3 per cent decline in total sperm count, among men from North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand who were not selected based on their fertility status.
In contrast, no significant decline was seen in South America, Asia and Africa, where far fewer studies have been conducted, researchers said.

The study also indicates the rate of decline among Western men is not decreasing: the slope was steep and significant even when analysis was restricted to studies with sample collection between 1996 and 2011.
While declines in sperm count have been reported since 1992, the question has remained controversial because of limitations in past studies, researchers said.

However, the current study uses a broader scope and rigorous meta-regression methods, conservatively addresses the reliability of study estimates, and controls for factors that might help explain the decline such as age, abstinence time, and selection of the study population.
"Given the importance of sperm counts for male fertility and human health, this study is an urgent wake-up call for researchers and health authorities around the world to investigate the causes of the sharp ongoing drop in sperm count, with the goal of prevention," said Hagai Levine, lead author of the study published in the journal Human Reproduction Update.

The findings have important public health implications. First, these data demonstrate that the proportion of men with sperm counts below the threshold for sub-fertility or infertility is increasing, researchers said.
Moreover, given the findings from recent studies that reduced sperm count is related to increased morbidity and mortality, the ongoing decline points to serious risks to male fertility and health, they said.
"Decreasing sperm count has been of great concern since it was first reported twenty-five years ago," said Shanna H Swan, a professor at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.
"This definitive study shows, for the first time, that this decline is strong and continuing. The fact that the decline is seen in Western countries strongly suggests that chemicals in commerce are playing a causal role in this trend," said Swan.

While the current study did not examine causes of the observed declines, sperm count has previously been plausibly associated with environmental and lifestyle influences, including prenatal chemical exposure, adult pesticide exposure, smoking, stress and obesity, researchers said.
Therefore, sperm count may sensitively reflect the impact of the modern environment on male health across the lifespan and serve as a "canary in the coal mine" signalling broader risks to male health, they said.