The barrage was "one of the strongest attacks by Syrian warplanes against positions in Palmyra since IS captured it" on May 21, said Rami Abdel Rahman of the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights.
Most residents had fled Palmyra since IS took over the famed city, leaving only a few of the original inhabitants and the families of militants.
The jihadists have blown up the ancient Temple of Bel and several famed tower tombs in Palmyra, a UNESCO-listed world heritage site.
"In the past two days, the regime has intensified its air raids against areas controlled by the Islamic State group," Abdel Rahman said.
On Thursday, government air strikes on Raqa city, IS's de facto capital of a "caliphate" it has declared straddling Syria and Iraq, killed 18 people, including jihadists and civilians.
According to the Observatory, 17 people were killed Friday in government air raids on the city of Idlib, stronghold of the Army of Conquest, an alliance of Islamist and jihadist groups.
Abdel Rahman said the dead included four women.
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