The warning came as Amnesty International said an "unprecedented" number of people have been charged with insulting the royals since the coup, with 14 Thais indicted under the controversial lese majeste law in less than four months.
Revered King Bhumibol Adulyadej, 86, is already protected by one of the world's toughest royal defamation laws - anyone convicted of insulting the king, queen, heir or regent faces up to 15 years in prison on each count.
Since seizing power on May 22, the army and junta chief - who was also appointed as prime minister last month - has emphasised his commitment to protecting the monarchy.
"The monarchy is the key pillar of our country... To create national unity," Prayut said today.
The king has no official political role but is seen as a unifying figure in a country that has been frequently riven by political violence, particularly since a military coup in 2006.
In another recent case a taxi driver was jailed for two and a half years after his passenger, a university lecturer who recorded their conversation on a mobile phone, accused him of expressing anti-royal views, Amnesty said.
Under the law anyone can make an accusation of insulting the monarchy and the police are duty-bound to investigate.
Critics say the legislation has been politicised, noting that many of those charged in recent years were linked to the "Red Shirts" protest movement, which is broadly supportive of fugitive former premier Thaksin Shinawatra.
Thaksin was toppled in a coup in 2006 and lives in self-exile to avoid prison for a corruption conviction.
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