The man, identified as M.A., was detained in the Fatih district of the city, Anadolu said, adding that he had gone to Syria with his wife and children three years ago to join the Islamic State group.
The Hurriyet daily reported that the man was suspected of being the coordinator for all French-speaking jihadists seeking to join the Islamic militants, and also of planning jihadist attacks in Europe.
He had been the target of an international search, it added.
His superiors praised the heroism of the officer, saying he had helped prevent a "very serious attack".
Turkey was hit by a succession of attacks in 2016 that left hundreds dead in the bloodiest year of terror strikes in its history.
The attacks were attributed to IS jihadists as well as the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) who have battled the Turkish state in an insurgency lasting more than three decades.
There has since been a lull in similar attacks, but tensions remain high and Turkish police launch raids almost daily against suspected IS cells across the country.
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