A row between the two NATO allies erupted last week when Turkey jailed an employee of the American consulate in Istanbul, as part of an investigation into last year's failed coup.
"Are we supposed to ask for permission from the gentlemen?" Yildirim told a cheering crowd of supporters in parliament.
The consulate employee, a Turkish citizen, was remanded in custody over accusations of links to the movement led by US-based Muslim preacher Fethullah Gulen, whom Ankara blames for masterminding the July 2016 coup bid.
The US responded to the arrest by banning non-immigrant visas from Turkey. Ankara hit back with its own visa suspension, while urging Washington to reverse its move.
"It is very inappropriate to dare to punish citizens," Yildirim said. "It's behaviour that does not fit a country like the United States."
Yildirim accused Washington of harbouring Gulen on its territory, as he criticised the US' arrest of a senior executive of Turkey's largest state-owned bank.
"Did you ask us when you threw the deputy chief executive of our official bank behind bars?" the premier said.
Atilla is accused of conspiring with an Iranian-Turkish businessman Reza Zarrab to launder money through the US financial system on behalf of Iran.
"Is this fitting of an alliance, of a friendship?" Yildirim asked.
He urged America to apply "common sense" and said the row must be solved as soon as possible.
Pro-government media today led on the diplomatic spat, with Yeni Safak daily describing the US as "not an ally but an enemy" in large font on its front page.
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