The two, back in England, had been given a one-year probation along with the fine after pleading guilty in June, then released by Polish authorities.
But they have since reversed their plea to not guilty, prompting the new charges, said Mariusz Slomka from the prosecutor's office in Oswiecim, the southern city where the Auschwitz camp is located.
If found guilty, they could face up to 10 years in prison for "stealing objects of historical value," said Slomka. He said the "charges were delivered yesterday to the court in the city of Krakow", in southern Poland.
They were detained in June near barracks where the prisoners' personal items used to be sorted, Pawel Sawicki, spokesman for a museum at the Polish site, said at the time.
"The guards saw them dig in the ground. They detained them and discovered that they were in possession of shards of glass, buttons, a hair clipper and bits of metal," he said.
After the incident, the Perse School said the two pupils admitted taking items of historical important that they "found on the ground", and said there would be a "full and thorough investigation".
This was not the first time someone has tried to smuggle out a piece of the former death camp, which has become a symbol of the Holocaust and is visited by more than a million people from across the world each year.
Several people have tried to make off with barbed wire, while one particularly brazen gang walked out with the camp's infamous "Arbeit macht frei" ("Work makes you free") sign in 2009.
The mastermind of that theft, Swedish neo-Nazi Anders Hoegstroem, was jailed for two-and-a-half years.
One million European Jews died at the camp set up by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland in 1940-1945.
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