A statement drawn up by Australia and Luxembourg, which includes a call for cross-border humanitarian operations, is the council's second major united decision on the war in less than a week.
The council had been deadlocked since the start of the 30-month-old uprising against President Bashar al-Assad until it passed a resolution last Friday ordering the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons.
The new statement is not legally binding like a resolution but council diplomats said it would send a strong signal to the Assad government.
UN aid agencies say there are more than 2.1 million refugees outside the country, almost six million have fled their homes inside the country and they have not had access to about two million trapped civilians for several months.
The council urged both sides but "in particular the Syrian authorities" to help UN agencies and other private groups "to provide immediate humanitarian assistance to the affected people in Syria."
It called on Assad's government "to take immediate steps to facilitate the expansion of humanitarian relief operations, and lift bureaucratic impediments and other obstacles."
The statement says there should be "unhindered humanitarian access" across the conflict lines "and, where appropriate, across borders from neighboring countries."
The Syrian government has opposed aid missions from neighboring countries saying the supplies will go to rebel forces. Some analysts have expressed doubt that rebel groups will let aid go to government areas.
Australia's UN ambassador Gary Quinlan said the statement was "a strong unified" message from the council that humanitarian work must not be impeded.
He said there had been a "need for speed" in agreeing on a statement rather than a binding resolution because of the "terrifying" events in Syria.
Syria's UN ambassador Bashar Jaafari welcomed the statement but said it would be up to the Damascus government now to decide how to help the UN.
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