Vettel's Red Bull teammate Mark Webber was second in his final F1 race. Fernando Alonso of Ferrari was third.
Vettel, who had already wrapped up a fourth straight F1 title, was overtaken by Nico Rosberg of Mercedes at the start but regained the lead on the second lap and cruised to his second victory in Brazil, and 39th of his career. He crossed the line 10.4 seconds in front of Webber.
"Yes, we did it," Vettel said on his radio before his now-traditional donut celebration of spinning the car.
The win capped an impressive year by Vettel, who had already broken Schumacher's 2004 mark of seven straight wins in the same season last week at the United States GP.
"I'm actually quite sad that this season comes to an end," Vettel said. "The car has been phenomenal. It just kept getting better. I'm extremely proud."
Webber, who had won two of the last four races in Brazil, took his helmet off as he returned to the pits and waved to the crowd. The team wrote "Awesome. Thank you Mark," on the pit sign as the Australian crossed the finish line.
"It was a good finish to my career," Webber said. "It was a great journey. I'll enjoy watching F1 next year."
Vettel had a poor start and was overtaken by Rosberg at the first turn but was back in front with a move to the inside of his fellow German driver on Turn 1 on the following lap. Vettel had a slow pit stop near the end but remained in front thanks to a big lead over Webber before coming in.
It was the first time this weekend that drivers raced on a dry track at Interlagos after the three practice sessions and qualifying were run in wet conditions. Light rain fell near the end of the race but it wasn't enough to significantly affect the track conditions.
