Virus spread killing honeybees human-made: study

The spread of a disease that is decimating global honeybee population is human-made and driven by European bee populations, a new study has claimed.
The study found that the European honeybee Apis mellifera is overwhelmingly the source of cases of the Deformed Wing Virus infecting hives worldwide.
The finding suggests that the pandemic is human-made rather than naturally occurring, with human trade and transportation of bees for crop pollination driving the spread.
Although separately they are not major threats to bee populations, when the Varroa mite carries the disease, the combination is deadly, and has wiped out millions of honeybees over recent decades, researchers said.

Varroa feed on bee larvae while the Deformed Wing Virus kills off bees, a devastating double blow to colonies.
The situation is adding to fears over the future of global bee populations, with major implications for biodiversity, agricultural biosecurity, global economies, and human health, researchers said.

"This is the first study to conclude that Europe is the backbone of the global spread of the bee killing combination of Deformed Wing Virus and Varro," said Lena Wilfert from the University of Exeter in UK.
"This demonstrates that the spread of this combination is largely human-made - if the spread was naturally occurring, we would expect to see transmission between countries that are close to each other, but we found that, for example, the New Zealand virus population originated in Europe," Wilfert added.

This significantly strengthens the theory that human transportation of bees is responsible for the spread of this devastating disease, researchers said.
"We must now maintain strict limits on the movement of bees, whether they are known to carry Varroa or not. It is also really important that beekeepers at all levels take steps to control Varroa in their hives, as this viral disease can also affect wild pollinators," Wilfert said.
Researchers analysed sequence data of Deformed Wing Virus samples across the globe from honeybees and Varroa mites, as well as the occurrence of Varroa.
They used the information to reconstruct the spread of Deformed Wing Virus and found that the epidemic largely spread from Europe to North America, Australia and New Zealand.

They found some two-way movement between Europe and Asia, but none between Asia and Australasia, despite their closer proximity.
Researchers also looked at samples from other species suspected of transmitting the disease, including different species of honeybee, mite and bumblebees, but concluded that the European honeybee was the key transmitter.
"Our study has found that the Deformed Wing Virus is a major threat to honeybee populations across the world and this epidemic has been driven by the trade and movement of honeybee colonies," said Roger Butlin from the University of Sheffield in UK.
The findings were published in the journal Science.