Why preemies are at higher autism risk found

Scientists have found why premature babies are at a higher risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD and autism spectrum disorder.
Researchers found that disturbances in the early stages of brain growth, such as preterm birth - when many of the brain's structures have not yet fully developed - appears to affect the brain's neuro-circuitry.
This may explain premature babies' higher risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder, researchers said.
Researchers led by Natasha Lepore, of The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, located significant alterations to specific surface regions of the brain.

Their identification of neuroanatomical changes related to prematurity helps explain what brain structure and circuitry are affected, and may lead to designing effective prevention strategies and early interventional treatments for cognitive disabilities.
Using three-dimensional brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Lepore and colleagues analysed the structure and neural circuitry of two specific areas of the brain in 17 preterm and 19 term-born babies: the thalamus - the brain's relay station, critical to sending and receiving sensory information - and the putamen, part of an intricate circuit connecting to the brain's frontal lobe and involved in a number of different processes.

While many studies have spotted alterations in various brain structures related to prematurity, this is the first study to link the structural abnormalities to specific neuro-circuitry, the communication pathways of the brain.

To investigate these changes, the CHLA researchers performed a novel, combined analysis of the external shape and dimension of the surfaces of the thalamus and putamen, and compared the relative position of these structures to one another.
"We found that regional abnormalities of the thalamus are associated with alterations of the putamen, possibly due to disturbed development of shared frontal-subcortical connectivity," said first author Yi Lao, of the Department of Radiology at CHLA.

More specifically, she added, the significantly correlated regions in these two structures point to frontal and sub-cortical pathways that are essential to important functions such as attention, decision-making, planning, abstract reasoning and memory.
Lepore said that, for the first time, they have demonstrated the feasibility of using measurements of these abnormalities in the brain of preterm newborns as potential indicators of risk for future cognitive and behavioural problems.