1,000-year-old mummy discovered in Peru

Scientists have discovered an intact mummy in Peru that is believed to have been buried between 1000 and 1200 AD.

A team from the Universite libre de Bruxelles in Belgium completed a nine week-long excavation in Pachacamac, Peru, where they have discovered the mummy in good condition.

The finding confirms Pachacamac's status as a pre-colombian pilgrimage site under the Inca empire.

"The deceased is still wrapped in the enormous funeral bundle that served as a coffin," said Peter Eeckhout, professor at Universite libre de Bruxelles.

"Discoveries like this one are exceptionally scarce, and this mummy is incredibly well preserved. Samples were collected for carbon-14 dating, but the area in which it was discovered and the type of tomb suggest this individual was buried between 1000 and 1200 AD," Eeckhout said.

The excavation was carried out as a part of the 'Ychsma' project, named after the region's native people, under the supervision of professor Eeckhout.

Three monumental structures were explored during the campaign, including a sanctuary dedicated to the local ancestors. Under Inca rule, in the late 15th century, it appears to have been transformed into a water and healing temple.

The archaeologists have discovered many offerings left by worshippers, such as Spondylus shells imported from Ecuador; these are associated with the influx of water during El Nio, and they symbolise fertility and abundance.

Before the Inca settled in the area, the sanctuary included large funerary chambers and numerous mummies, most of which were looted during the Spanish conquest.

Miraculously, though, one of the chambers was found intact during the latest round of excavations: this is the funeral chamber that held the mummy.

Due to how well it was preserved, the researchers will be able to study it without needing to unwrap the bundle.

They will soon examine the mummy using the latest techniques in medical imaging such as X-ray scans, axial tomography and 3D reconstruction. This will enable them to determine the individual's position, any pathologies they might have suffered from, but also what offerings might be inside the bundle.

The other structures that were excavated are also related to worship: the first one, an Inca monument intended to host pilgrims and rituals, was built in several phases, each identified with a series of offerings such as seashells and precious objects.

The last structure explored was probably one of the 'chapels' for foreign pilgrims, referred to by Spanish monk Antonio de la Calancha in his 17th-century description of the site.

There, the excavations also uncovered many 'foundation' offerings, including vases, dogs, and other animals, as well as a platform with a hole in the centre, where an idol was likely placed.

The complex appears to have been designed around this idol, involved in religious activities with pilgrims.

According to researchers, all these discoveries indicate that Incas made considerable changes to the Pachacamac site, in order to create a large pilgrimage centre on Peru's Pacific coast.

"Deities and their worship played a major part in the life of Pre-Colombian societies," said Eeckhout.

"The Inca understood this very well, and integrated it into how they wielded their power. By promoting empire-wide worship, they contributed to creating a common sense of identity among the many different peoples that made up the empire. Pachacamac is one of the most striking examples of this," he said.