After more than nine hours of raucous debate, the lower house of Congress finally began the procedure. Given that each lawmaker was due to vote one by one, live on national television, a result was not expected immediately.
If two thirds of the house authorises a trial and the Supreme Court accepts the case, Temer would be immediately suspended for 180 days. The house speaker, Rodrigo Maia, would take over.
But analysts believe Temer has easily enough support to bury the charge.
"The government will defeat the motion to investigate the president by a wide margin," Eurasia Group consultants said.
The upheaval comes only a year after Congress ejected Temer's leftist predecessor Dilma Rousseff in an impeachment trial for breaking budget rules.
Temer, the first sitting president to face a criminal charge, now faces blowback from his leftwing opponents who also fiercely oppose his business-friendly economic reforms.
"A thief is a thief and needs to be treated as a thief," Major Olimpio, a deputy with the leftist Solidariedade party, told the assembly before the voting.
The debate was interrupted repeatedly by yelling and occasional scuffles.
At one point, opposition deputies fought a Temer supporter who was brandishing an inflatable doll showing former president and leftist icon Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva in prison garb. Temer opponents also showered fake dollar bills showing the president's face.
In the current charge, Temer is alleged to have agreed to receive millions of dollars in bribes from the JBS meatpacking giant.
A close aide was filmed by police running through Sao Paulo with a suitcase stuffed with the equivalent of $150,000 in Brazilian reais -- money that the prosecutor says was intended for Temer.
In a separate investigation, prosecutors cite a secretly recorded late-night meeting between Temer and one of JBS's owners, Joesley Batista. In the recording, Temer allegedly is heard authorising hush money payments to a onetime senior politician convicted of corruption, Eduardo Cunha.
Temer has denied any bribe-taking and says the secret recording does not include anything incriminating.
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