"The invitation has been issued and accepted and I see no reason to change that," Foreign Minister Boris Johnson told BBC radio.
Prime Minister Theresa May, asked by The Sun newspaper whether the controversial trip would go ahead, answered "Yes."
But Khan, in an interview with AFP, reiterated his view that the invitation was "premature".
"State visits are given to world leaders who have had distinguished service, who have a track record," he said.
Khan said the United States and Britain were "close allies" and they should continue to work closely together.
"But one of the things about a special relationship, it's like having a best friend -- you stand shoulder-to-shoulder with them in times of adversity but you call them out when they're wrong, and you tell them when they are wrong. And I think on many, many things, Donald Trump is wrong," he said.
May made the invitation to Trump just seven days after he took office, a decision that prompted accusations that Britain, its global influence set to be weakened by Brexit, was kowtowing to the new US leader.
By contrast, May's predecessor David Cameron gave the invitation to the-president Barack Obama more than a year into his administration.
More than 1.8 million people have signed an online petition saying Trump should not make the state visit as it "could cause embarrassment" to the monarch.
Trump, in a series of tweets, lashed Khan's handling of the Saturday night terror attack, mocking the mayor for telling the public there was "no reason to be alarmed" over armed police on the streets.
The US president then dismissed criticism that he had taken Khan's remarks out of context, accusing Khan of coming up with a "pathetic excuse" to defend himself.
"I think Donald Trump is wrong in what he said about Sadiq Khan in the aftermath of the London Bridge attack," May said at a press conference on the campaign trail ahead of Thursday's election.
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