Chimps learn new skills from each other like humans

It's not just the humans who learn new skills from each other, wild chimpanzees that see a friend making and using a new tool are likely to make one for themselves, a new study has shown.
Scientists have, for the first time, witnessed in real-time new behaviour being adopted and transmitted from individual to individual within a wild chimpanzee colony.
They first hand witnessed the spread of two novel feeding methods among the Sonso chimpanzee community living in Uganda's Budongo Forest.
Chimpanzees are widely considered to be the most 'cultural' of all non-human animals, but most previous studies examining how behaviour is transmitted have been carried out among captive populations.

This is the first time that researchers have tracked in real time how a new natural behaviour was passed from individual to individual in a wild community.
"We were incredibly lucky to be in the right place at the right time to document the appearance and spread of two novel tool-use behaviours, something that is extraordinarily rare in the wild," said Dr Catherine Hobaiter, Lecturer in Psychology at the University of St Andrews.

The researchers investigated the spread of two variations of "leaf-sponging" which is a common behaviour among chimpanzees.
The Sonso chimpanzees typically manufacture leaf-sponges by folding and chewing leaves in their mouth, and then dip them in a water source to drink.

During six days of continuous observation, various individuals were observed to develop two novel behaviours: leaf-sponge re-use, which is using a sponge that had been left from a previous visit, and moss-sponging, which is the production of a sponge made of moss or a mixture of leaves and moss.
Neither moss-sponging nor leaf-sponge re-use had been previously observed in the Sonso community.
The analysis began when the group's 29-year-old alpha male made a moss sponge and began extracting water while being observed by an adult dominant female.
Over the next six days the waterhole was revisited regularly and the scientists observed a further seven individuals making and using moss sponges.

It was confirmed that six of these had observed the behaviour before adopting it themselves, the seventh was seen to re-use a discarded moss sponge so may have learned about the novel behaviour in this way.
The scientists also recorded a 12-year-old sub-adult male retrieve and use a discarded leaf sponge. A further eight individuals adopted this technique, but only four of them first observed another individual performing this behaviour.
By using a technique called network-based diffusion analysis it is estimated that each time they observed moss-sponging, "naive" individuals enhanced their chances of developing moss-sponging by a factor of 15.

The research was published in the journal PLOS Biology.