Coral reef protein can block HIV

Scientists have discovered a new class of proteins in Australia's coral reefs that can block HIV from entering immune cells, paving the way for potent gels and lubricants to fight the deadly virus.
The proteins, called cnidarins, were found in a feathery coral collected in waters off Australia's northern coast.
Researchers zeroed in on the proteins after screening thousands of natural product extracts in a bio-repository maintained by the National Cancer Institute (NCI).
"It's always thrilling when you find a brand-new protein that nobody else has ever seen before," said senior investigator Barry O'Keefe, deputy chief of the Molecular Targets Laboratory at the NCI's Center for Cancer Research.

"And the fact that this protein appears to block HIV infection - and to do it in a completely new way - makes this truly exciting," said O'Keefe.
In the global fight against AIDS, there is a pressing need for anti-HIV microbicides that women can apply to block HIV infection without relying on a man's willingness to use a condom, researchers said.

Koreen Ramessar, a postdoctoral research fellow at NCI and a member of the research team, said cnidarins could be ideally suited for use in such a product because the proteins block HIV transmission without encouraging the virus to become resistant to other HIV drugs.

Researchers identified and purified the cnidarin proteins then tested their activity against laboratory strains of HIV.
The proteins proved astonishingly potent, capable of blocking HIV at concentrations of a billionth of a gramme by preventing the first step in HIV transmission, in which the virus must enter a type of immune cell known as the T-cell.
"We found that cnidarins bind to the virus and prevent it from fusing with the T-cell membrane," said Ramessar.
"This is completely different from what we've seen with other proteins, so we think the cnidarin proteins have a unique mechanism of action," Ramessar said.

The next step is to refine methods for generating cnidarins in larger quantities so the proteins can be tested further to identify potential side effects or activity against other viruses.
"Making more of it is a big key. You can't strip the Earth of this coral trying to harvest this protein, so our focus now is on finding ways to produce more of it so we can proceed with preclinical testing," said O'Keefe.
The finding was presented at the Experimental Biology 2014 meeting in San Diego.