Capping a week of tributes and mass rallies, Castro was laid to rest near the mausoleum of 19th century independence icon Jose Marti and comrades of his rebellion in the eastern city of Santiago de Cuba.
A small group of guests attended the ceremony, which was closed to the public, after a jeep pulled the cedar urn into the Santa Ifigenia cemetery as thousands lined the streets, chanting "viva Fidel!"
An AFP photo showed about 30 guests and five women in green-olive uniform standing next to a monument to rebels who died in Castro's failed raid on Santiago's Moncada military barracks in 1953, but his tomb was not seen.
Castro died on November 25 at age 90.
Yesterday night, his brother and successor, President Raul Castro led a massive, final rally in his brother's honor at Santiago's Revolution Plaza, leading the crowd in a pledge to uphold socialist ideals.
"He demonstrated that, yes we could, yes we can, yes we will overcome any obstacle, threat, turbulence in our firm resolve to build socialism in Cuba," he said.
While Castro was sidelined by emergency intestinal surgery a decade ago, he remained a towering figure in Cuba.
He was revered by supporters for the free health care and education he spread across the island and vilified by dissidents who saw him as a brutal dictator.
Although he was an omnipresent figure in the lives of Cubans, Castro's dying wish was that no statues be erected in his memory and no streets or building be named after him.
"The leader of the revolution rejected any manifestation of a cult of personality," Raul Castro said.
His burial ends a nine-day period of mourning during which Cubans, often encouraged by the government, flooded the streets to pay tribute to Castro, chanting "I am Fidel!" as his ashes were taken across the Caribbean country.
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