Left-wing demonstrators burned tyres and threw firecrackers as they tried to prevent delegates of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party from getting into the congress in the western city of Stuttgart.
The AfD meeting comes a week after the far-right Freedom Party's Norbert Hofer sent shock waves through Austria's political establishment by winning the first round of a presidential ballot.
Heavily-armoured riot police used tear gas to hold off protesters, many dressed in black and masking their faces, as officers escorted AfD members into the congress hall.
The clashes delayed the opening of the congress by more than an hour.
Now polling around 14 percent, AfD is eyeing entry into the federal parliament in elections next year after a string of state election wins.
The AfD was formed only three years ago and has since gradually shifted its policies to the right, while entering half of Germany's 16 state legislatures and the European parliament.
Having initially railed against bailouts for debt-hit eurozone economies, it has changed focus to protest against mostly-Muslim migrants and refugees, more than a million of whom sought asylum in Germany last year.
Around 2,400 AfD members were expected at the weekend congress, which comes after deputy leader and European parliament member Beatrix von Storch last week caused anger by labelling Islam a "political ideology that is incompatible with the German constitution".
Von Storch said the congress would call for a ban on Islamic symbols in Germany such as minarets on mosques, the call to prayer and full-face veils for women.
It will openly challenge the government position, repeatedly stated by Chancellor Angela Merkel, that today "Islam is part of Germany", a country that is home to some four million Muslims.
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