November industrial production fell 0.6 per cent from the previous month, the industry ministry said, against a market forecast for a 0.8 per cent rise.
"Industrial production fluctuates indecisively," the ministry said in a monthly report, leaving unchanged its overall assessment despite the downturn after two months of rises.
Separate data showed core consumer inflation continued to slow in November.
Inflation, excluding volatile prices of fresh food, slowed to 2.7 per cent from 2.9 per cent in October, according to data from the internal affairs ministry.
Adjusted for the tax increase, the nationwide core consumer-price index rose 0.7 per cent from a year earlier in November, the lowest since September 2013.
The reading was far short of 2.0 per cent inflation targeted by the Bank of Japan.
After taking office in late 2012, Prime Minister Abe launched a policy blitz which meshes government spending with massive monetary easing by the central bank and reforms to the highly regulated economy.
The prime minister delayed the second tax hike planned for next year to 2017.
The tax rises are aimed at paying down Japan's enormous national debt, but they have put Abe in a tricky position as he tries to balance them with his pro-spending growth plan.
Millions of shoppers launched a last-minute buying binge on everything from cars and washing machines to televisions and alcohol, before the April 1 increase.
The internal affairs ministry today also said household spending fell 2.5 per cent year-on-year in November while the jobless rate stayed unchanged at 3.5 per cent.
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