In the latest up-close confrontation between the two sides, Tokyo says two Chinese SU-27 jets flew just 30 metres away from its aircraft in a spot where the two countries' air defence zones overlap.
"It was an action that was extremely regrettable, and which cannot be tolerated," said top government spokesman Yoshihide Suga, of the yesterday's incident.
It was the second time in less than three weeks that Tokyo has accused Beijing of playing chicken in the skies near the hotly-contested Japanese-controlled Senkaku islands, which China also claims and calls the Diaoyus.
"Japan will seek cooperation from countries concerned."
Japan's vice minister for foreign affairs, Akitaka Saiki, called the Chinese ambassador to Japan, Cheng Yonghua, to the ministry, where he was expected to have urged Beijing to create a maritime communication system with Tokyo.
The incident occurred as Japan and Australia held the fifth round of so-called "2+2" talks between their defence and foreign affairs chiefs in Tokyo.
The meeting was part of a trend in which military and political alliances are being forged and strengthened around the Asia-Pacific, as countries in the region look with alarm at China's growing willingness to forcefully push its claims in territorial disputes.
That comes as Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has relaxed strictures on his country's arms industry to allow it to sell its high-tech weaponry abroad, and as Canberra is known to be shopping for submarines.
Abe has also made great play of offering Japan as a benign counterweight for countries looking askance at China's recent heavy-handedness, which has seen it involved in destabilising rows with Vietnam and with the Philippines.
Japan's own dispute with China is heavily coloured by differences over shared history, but is being played out on the seas and in the skies near the Senkakus, where boats and planes have sparred for nearly two years.