Kerry said the loss of intellectual property through hacking has had a "chilling effect on innovation and investment," and said such activity is hurting US companies.
He made no mention of a New York Times report suggesting significant Chinese hacking of information about US government personnel.
Chinese foreign policy chief Yang Jiechi described cybersecurity as a "common threat facing all countries."
Speaking through an interpreter, Yang said the issue required mutual trust. "Cyberspace should not become a tool for damaging the interests of other countries," he said.
China has rejected US efforts to restart a working group on cybersecurity, which Beijing suspended after the indictments were unsealed.
Yang said it was up to the United States to first create the proper conditions for renewed dialogue on the matter.
