The brief stop in the Red Sea port of Aqaba, where the talks were held, was not previously announced.
State Department spokeswoman Marie Harf said Kerry, who arrived from Rome from where he also brought back his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh, was to discuss the Middle East peace process with the monarch.
"We are arriving in Aqaba, Jordan, with Foreign Minister Judeh today to see King Abdullah to talk about the peace process," Harf said.
Following Kerry's departure, the palace issued a short statement saying that he "briefed the king on the latest developments in the peace talks between Israel and the Palestinians".
"The king stressed the need for achieving comprehensive peace in line with a two-state solution..."
He insisted that "Jordanian high interest, particularly in final status issues, tops Jordan's priorities", the statement said without elaborating.
Jordan is one of only two Arab states to have signed a peace treaty with Israel, and King Abdullah holds a special position because the 1994 accord recognises his country's "historic" role in caring for Muslim holy sites in east Jerusalem.
Last month, Jordan warned that it might review the peace treaty after Israeli MPs debated allowing Jewish prayers at Jerusalem's sensitive Al-Aqsa mosque compound, saying the kingdom's custodianship was "not a privilege granted by Israel".
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on Tuesday urged Palestinian president Mahmud Abbas to recognise Israel as a Jewish state and to "abandon the fantasy" of flooding it with returning Palestinian refugees.
His remarks sparked a furious reaction from the Palestinians, who denounced his demand and said it had effectively put the final nail in the coffin of the talks.
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