LHC data unveils new 'exotic' particles

Scientists have observed three new "exotic" particles and confirmed the existence of a fourth one, using data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's largest and most powerful particle collider.
These particles seem to be formed by four quarks - the fundamental constituent of the matter inside all the atoms of the universe: two quarks and two antiquarks.
Due to their non-standard quark content, the newly observed particles have been included in the broad category of so-called exotic particles, although their exact theoretical interpretation is still under study.
The quark model, proposed in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig, is the most valid classification scheme of hadrons (all the composite particles) that has been found so far and it is part of the Standard Model of particle physics.

In this model, hadrons are classified according to their quark content.
However, it has been for a long-held mystery that all observed hadrons were formed either by a pair of quark-antiquark (mesons) or by three quarks (baryons) only.

In the last decade several studies have found evidence of the existence of particles formed by more than three quarks.
For example, in 2009 the researchers found one of X(4140) - where the number in parentheses is its reconstructed mass in megaelectronvolts.
Until now, the X(4140) quantum numbers - characteristic numbers with which the properties of a specific particle are identified - were not fully determined, and this ambiguity exposed the theoretical explanation to uncertainty.

The Large Hadron Collider beauty (LHCb) collaboration - which specialises in studying the slight differences between matter and antimatter by studying a type of particle called the "beauty quark", or "b quark" - could determine the X(4140) quantum numbers with high precision.
This result has a large impact on the possible theoretical interpretations, and indeed it excludes some of the previously proposed theories on its nature.
While the X(4140) had already been seen, the observation of the three new exotic particles with higher masses, called X(4274), X(4500) and X(4700), has been announced for the first time.
Even though the four particles all contain the same quark composition, they each have a unique internal structure, mass and their own sets of quantum numbers.

To perform this research, the LHCb physicists used the full set of data collected during the first LHC run, from 2010 to 2012.
The large signal yield efficiently collected with the LHCb detector has allowed LHCb scientists to discover those three new particles that were peaking out from the data.
This news comes in addition to the discovery of the first two pentaquark particles by the LHCb collaboration last year.