Men with high testosterone more likely to get the flu

Scientists have found that high testosterone levels in men are linked to poor immune response to a flu vaccine, offering a possible explanation for why men are more vulnerable to infections of all kinds.
Scientists at the Stanford University School of Medicine found that men with relatively high amounts of circulating testosterone benefit less, as measured by a boost in protective antibodies after vaccination against influenza, than do men with lower testosterone levels and women.
In the study, women had a generally stronger antibody response to the vaccine than men. But the average response mounted by men with relatively low testosterone levels was more or less equivalent to that of women.

It has long been known that, for reasons that are not clear, men are more susceptible to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection than women are, and that men's immune systems don't respond as strongly as women's to vaccinations against influenza, yellow fever, measles, hepatitis and many other diseases.
The new study may explain why this is the case, researchers said.
Women are known to have, on average, higher blood levels of signalling proteins that immune cells pass back and forth to jump-start inflammation, a key component of immune-system activation.

Furthermore, previous research in animals and in cell-culture experiments has established that testosterone has anti-inflammatory properties, suggesting a possible interaction between the male sex hormone and immune response.

However, the new study found no connection between circulating levels of pro-inflammatory proteins and responsiveness to the flu vaccine.
Nor does testosterone appear to directly chill immune response; rather, it seems to interact with a set of genes in a way that damps that response, said the study's senior author, Mark Davis, professor of microbiology and immunology and director of Stanford's Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection.
"This is the first study to show an explicit correlation between testosterone levels, gene expression and immune responsiveness in humans," said Davis.
The study was published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.