NASA data used to create global map of human-made CO2

Scientists have created the first global maps of human emissions of carbon dioxide ever, made solely from NASA satellite observations of the greenhouse gas.
The maps, based on data from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) satellite and generated with a new data-processing technique, agree well with inventories of known carbon dioxide emissions.
No satellite before OCO-2 was capable of measuring carbon dioxide in fine enough detail to allow researchers to create maps of human emissions from the satellite data alone.
Instead, earlier maps also incorporated estimates from economic data and modeling results.
The team of scientists from the Finnish Meteorological Institute, produced three main maps from OCO-2 data, each centered on one of Earth's highest-emitting regions: the eastern United States, central Europe and East Asia.

The maps show widespread carbon dioxide across major urban areas and smaller pockets of high emissions.

"OCO-2 can even detect smaller, isolated emitting areas like individual cities," said research scientist Janne Hakkarainen, who led the study.
Human emissions of carbon dioxide have grown at a significant rate since the Industrial Revolution and the greenhouse gas lingers in the atmosphere for a century or more.
This means that recent human output is only a tiny part of the total carbon dioxide that OCO-2 records as it looks down toward Earth's surface.
"Currently, the background level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is about 400 parts per million, and human emissions within the past year may add only something like three parts per million to that total," said Hakkarainen.

The data-processing challenge was to isolate the signature of the recent emissions from the total amount, he said.
The team's new data-processing technique accounts for seasonal changes in carbon dioxide, the result of plant growth and dormancy, as well as the background carbon dioxide level.
"The research demonstrates the possibility of analysing joint satellite observations of carbon dioxide and other gases related to combustion processes to draw out information about the emissions sources," said Johanna Tamminen, head of the atmospheric remote sensing group at the Finnish Meteorological Institute.
The study was published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.