Heeding a call by Putin's bete noire, thousands braved freezing temperatures to stage rallies in dozens of cities to protest upcoming "pseudo-elections," as Navalny and his supporters refer to them.
In Moscow, Navalny chanted "Swindlers and thieves" at a rally in the city centre before several police officers pounced on the 41-year-old opposition politician, knocking him to the ground and dragging him on to a bus.
Authorities said Navalny would be charged with organising an unpermitted protest, adding he had been taken to a police station.
"You are not rallying for me, but for yourselves and your future," he tweeted.
About 4,000 people turned up for the unsanctioned rally in Moscow, with many chanting "Down with the czar" and brandishing placards saying "Voters' strike."
Authorities beefed up security, dispatching police vans and passenger buses to the city centre, but police largely refrained from arresting protesters. A crowd of protesters was later allowed to walk down to Red Square.
One group of protesters walked several kilometres and reached the government headquarters as police watched on.
Authorities estimated the Moscow turnout at around 1,000 people.
Police also detained several members of Navalny's team.
More than 250 people were detained across the country, according to OVD-Info, an independent monitor.
Today's turnout paled in comparison to last year's protests when tens of thousands demonstrated against corruption among Russia's elite in March and June, 2017.
Police unleashed a severe crackdown afterwards, arresting more than 1,000 people including schoolchildren.
Navalny himself served three jail sentences of 15 days, 25 days and 20 days for organising unauthorised protests last year.
"These are not elections because we already know the result," Elena Ruzhe, 62, told AFP in Moscow.
"I'm not scared to protest," added the former culture ministry worker.
Protester Alexandra Fedorova, who wore a fur coat, said it was wrong not to let Navalny take part in the vote.
"I don't see a future. There is nobody to vote for," the 27-year-old said.
Protesters expressed similar sentiments in the second city of Saint Petersburg where around 1,500 people rallied, some chanting "Russia without Putin" and "Putin is a thief."
"I want change," Andrei Petrov, 20, told AFP in the former imperial capital. "We are tired of living in this quagmire."
In the Ural city of Yekaterinburg, around 1,000 people turned up, with the city's mayor joining the crowd.
"What we are being offered now is not an election," the outspoken mayor, Yevgeny Roizman, told the gathering.
Navalny -- seen as the only politician with enough stamina to take on Putin -- has built a robust protest movement, tapping into the anger of a younger generation yearning for change.
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