The Beijing-based Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) has been viewed by some as a rival to the World Bank and the Philippines-based Asian Development Bank (ADB).
Duterte has vowed to boost spending to address crumbling infrastructure, saying he would seek funds from China as he pivots his nation's foreign policy away from traditional ally the US.
Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez said he met with AIIB president Jin Liqun in Manila last week, who confirmed the lender would fund two projects.
Duterte, 71, increasingly turned to China for loans and aid as he took exception to United States criticism of his drug war that has killed thousands.
Over the weekend Duterte attacked Washington for deferring aid because of human rights concerns over his anti-crime crackdown.
"Eat your aid and we will survive. I'll go to China," he said.
Jin said the AIIB would provide loans for a Manila flood management project and a bus rapid transit system in the capital, according to the statement.
"We are all very eager to finalise the infrastructure projects ... This time, we are very happy we can really talk about something to do in your country," the statement quoted Jin as saying.
The Philippines under the government of then president Benigno Aquino joined the AIIB last year despite conflicting territorial claims with Beijing over the South China Sea.
The Philippines is among 57 members of the AIIB, with China the largest shareholder with 30 per cent.
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