Putin said ahead of his visit he was keen to offer increased Russian investment and trade in exchange for oil and minerals, and analysts say he likely has his eye on Argentina's massive Vaca Muerta shale oil field, potentially one of the largest finds in history.
Argentine President Cristina Kirchner for her part could desperately use Russian investment at a time when her government is fighting to stay solvent, locked out of capital markets since defaulting on its debt in 2001.
A US court has ordered Argentina to pay the "holdout" funds more than USD 1.3 billion by the end of the month, but the country is trying to negotiate a reprieve.
Putin's push to court Latin American leaders comes as the United States is threatening new sanctions against Moscow for its takeover of Crimea and support for pro-Russian separatists in Ukraine.
Putin and Kirchner will meet in the afternoon at the presidential palace in Buenos Aires, but neither side announced details.
Putin's six-day trip will next take him to Brazil, where he will take part in a summit of the BRICS group of emerging countries -- an agenda that neatly aligns with his push for a multipolar world at a time when the Ukraine crisis has dramatically increased tensions between Moscow and Washington.
There were distinct Cold War echoes in the former KGB spy's travel itinerary.
He then made a surprise stop in Nicaragua for talks with President Daniel Ortega, a former guerrilla whose government was close to the Soviet Union during the Sandinista regime of the 1980s.
