Women live longer than men because of their genes: study

Researchers from Monash University found that mutations to the DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid of the mitochondria can account for differences in the life expectancy of males and females.

Mitochondria, which exist in almost all animal cells, are vital for life because they convert our food into the energy that powers the body.

The research uncovered differences in longevity and biological ageing across male and female fruit flies that carried mitochondria of different origins.

They found that genetic variation across these mitochondria were reliable predictors of life expectancy in males, but not in females.

The study was conducted by Dr Damian Dowling and PhD student, Florencia Camus, both from the Monash School of Biological Sciences, worked with Dr David Clancy from Lancaster University.

Dowling said the results point to numerous mutations within mitochondrial DNA that affect how long males live, and the speed at which they age.

"Intriguingly, these same mutations have no effects on patterns of ageing in females. They only affect males," Dowling said in a statement.

"All animals possess mitochondria, and the tendency for females to outlive males is common to many different species. Our results therefore suggest that the mitochondrial mutations we have uncovered will generally cause faster male ageing across the animal kingdom," Dowling said.

"While children receive copies of most of their genes from both their mothers and fathers, they only receive mitochondrial genes from their mothers. This means that evolution's quality control process, known as natural selection, only screens the quality of mitochondrial genes in mothers," Dowling added.

"If a mitochondrial mutation occurs that harms fathers, but has no effect on mothers, this mutation will slip through the gaze of natural selection, unnoticed. Over thousands of generations, many such mutations have accumulated that harm only males, while leaving females unscathed," Dowling explained.

"Together, our research shows that the mitochondria are hotspots for mutations affecting male health. What we seek to do now is investigate the genetic mechanisms that males might arm themselves with to nullify the effects of these harmful mutations and remain healthy," Dowling said.

The study was published in the journal Current Biology.