Police were not immediately available to confirm the charges, which came after a dispute over Hichilema's vehicles allegedly obstructing President Edgar Lungu's motorcade on a main road.
More than 100 armed police surrounded Hichilema's house outside Lusaka overnight, and tear gas was fired before a raid when he was taken into custody, AFP reporters witnessed.
"They have detained him on the basis that he committed treasonable charges," Jack Mwiimbu, Hichilema's lawyer, told reporters outside the property.
Hichilema, head of the United Party for National Development (UPND) party, has launched several legal attempts to challenge Lungu's victory in the August elections.
He says the vote was rigged and accuses Lungu of an unprecedented bout of political repression in Zambia, which has been known for its relative stability.
The election campaign was marked by clashes between supporters of Lungu's Patriotic Front (PF) party and the UPND.
UPND secretary general Stephen Katuka told AFP that police had mounted a violent operation to detain their leader.
Hichilema was taken by a van to a police station for questioning.
Treason is a non-bailable offence in Zambia, with a minimum jail term of 15 years and a maximum sentence of death penalty.
Hichilema, a wealthy businessman, has run for president five times and narrowly lost last August's elections to Lungu.
Last October, Hichilema and party vice-president Geoffrey Mwamba were arrested for unlawful assembly and sedition when they tried to visit supporters in jail.
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