Arctic Ocean to have less ice, more water by 2050s

The entire Arctic coastline and most of the Arctic Ocean will experience an additional 60 days of open water each year by the 2050s, according to a new study.
"We hear all the time about how sea ice extent in the Arctic is going down," said Katy Barnhart, who led the study while at the University of Colorado Boulder's Institute for Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR).
"That's an important measurement if you are trying to understand broad impacts of climate change in the Arctic, but it doesn't tell us about how the changes in the sea ice in the Arctic are going to affect specific places," said Barnhart.

Barnhart and her colleagues, including INSTAAR Fellow Irina Overeem, set out to investigate the very local impacts of open water expansion patterns in the Arctic.
Researchers used climate simulations from the National Centre for Atmospheric Research-based Community Earth System Model to see how the number of open water, or sea-ice-free, days change from 1850 to 2100 in our planet's northernmost ocean.
They also wanted to understand when open water conditions in specific locations would be completely different from preindustrial conditions.

Because most economic activity in the Arctic is along the coastline, the team focused on four coastal locations that demonstrated the range of sea ice change: Drew Point, along Alaska's North Slope; the Laptev Sea, along Siberia's northern coast; Perry Channel in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (part of the Northwest Passage route); and Arctic Ocean regions east of Svalbard, Norway.

For example, at Drew Point, open water is already shifting from preindustrial conditions. Once present about 50 days a year on average (1900-2000), open water is now present about 100 days a year.
By the 2070s, the modelling study concludes, there could be close to 200 days a year with no sea ice at Drew Point, which is likely to worsen coastal erosion.
"We wanted to highlight places that had interesting or different stories with respect to the patterns of Arctic Ocean, atmosphere, and sea ice motion - things like coastal erosion or connections to potential sea routes," said Barnhart, now a postdoctoral fellow at the Annenberg Public Policy Centre of the University of Pennsylvania.

"Since we don't expect the impacts of Arctic sea ice loss to be exactly the same in Alaska as in Greenland, we looked at open water days to provide a more nuanced picture of sea ice change at specific locations," said Barnhart.
For the study, Barnhart and colleagues relied on climate projections from 1850 to 2100 and analysed multiple runs or "realisations" from a single climate model.
According to their analysis, the entire Arctic coastline and most of the Arctic Ocean will experience an additional 60 days of open water each year by the 2050s, and many sites will have more than 100 additional days.

The research was published in the journal Nature Climate Change.