The centre is "the culmination of a political battle that has not been easy," Marisol Touraine said as she inspected the facility alongside Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo, a fellow Socialist.
Its opening, set for Friday, will be "a very important moment in the fight against the scourge of addiction," by allowing users to shoot up in sanitary conditions, Touraine added.
The centre at the Lariboisiere hospital, in a gritty district near the Gare du Nord known for its high concentration of hard drug users, is expected to receive 100 people a day.
Philippe Goujon of the right-wing opposition Republicans party criticised the project as a "false good idea."
Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet, a candidate for the Republicans' nomination for next year's presidential election, complained that the shooting gallery would not provide any help for users to kick the habit.
Opponents also say the centre risks drawing more drug dealers to the neighbourhood.
Users will bring their own drugs to the centre, which will be staffed by a team of 20 including doctors, nurses, educators, social workers and security guards.
France is mulling opening other shooting galleries in the northeastern city of Strasbourg and in southwestern Bordeaux as part of a six-year experiment.
While some medical bodies and associations working with addicts have long called for such centres in France, other specialists feel they are counterproductive.
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