Now, photos can be used to diagnose rare disorders

Oxford scientists have developed a new face-recognition software that can help diagnose extremely rare genetic conditions in children from family photographs.
The computer programme recognises facial features in photographs; looks for similarities with facial structures for various conditions, such as Down's syndrome, Angelman syndrome, or Progeria; and returns possible matches ranked by likelihood.
Using the latest in computer vision and machine learning, the algorithm increasingly learns what facial features to pay attention to and what to ignore from a growing bank of photographs of people diagnosed with different syndromes.
While genetic disorders are each individually rare, collectively these conditions are thought to affect one person in 17. Of these, a third may have symptoms that greatly reduce quality of life. However, most people fail to receive a genetic diagnosis.

"A diagnosis of a rare genetic disorder can be a very important step. It can provide parents with some certainty and help with genetic counselling on risks for other children or how likely a condition is to be passed on," said lead researcher Dr Christoffer Nellaker of the MRC Functional Genomics Unit at the University of Oxford.
"A diagnosis can also improve estimates of how the disease might progress, or show which symptoms are caused by the genetic disorder and which are caused by other clinical issues that can be treated," said Nellaker.

Identifying a suspected developmental disorder tends to require clinical geneticists to come to a conclusion based on facial features, follow up tests and their own expertise.

It's thought that 30-40 per cent of rare genetic disorders involve some form of change in the face and skull, possibly because so many genes are involved in development of the face and cranium as a baby grows in the womb.
The researchers set out to teach a computer to carry out some of the same assessments objectively.
They developed a programme that - like Google, Picasa and other photo software - recognises faces in ordinary, everyday photographs.
The programme accounts for variations in lighting, image quality, background, pose, facial expression and identity. It builds a description of the face structure by identifying corners of eyes, nose, mouth and other features, and compares this against what it has learnt from other photographs fed into the system.

The algorithm sees patients sharing the same condition automatically cluster together.
The algorithm does better at suggesting a diagnosis for a photo where it has previously seen lots of other photos of people with that syndrome, as it learns more with more data.
Patients also cluster where no documented diagnosis exists, potentially helping in identifying ultra-rare genetic disorders.
The finding was published in the journal eLife.