The workers vowed to respect a court ruling ordering them to maintain 70 to 80 per cent service, but the strike will nevertheless raise fears of delays as thousands of football fans descend on the tourist-magnet city around the opening match in Sao Paulo and first game in Rio on Sunday.
"We're Brazilian and we continue to root for Brazil, but it's our duty to fight for workers' rights," union president Rui Pessoa told AFP.
The strike comes after "nine months of intense but failed negotiations and intransigence from employers," the union said on its website.
The walkout, which starts at midnight (0830 IST), will affect the city's two main airports, Galeao International and Santos Dumont, which handles domestic flights.
A court ordered airline employees to maintain at least 70 per cent service and employees at other companies to maintain at least 80 per cent service.
Pessoa said that although the strike was only partial he believed it would have "consequences" because of the increased number of flights during the World Cup - more than 1,000 a day in Rio.
Rio is one of the major arrival points for foreigners visiting Brazil.
It is a 40-minute flight from Sao Paulo, which hosts today's opening match between Brazil and Croatia.
More than three million Brazilians and 600,000 foreigners are expected to criss-cross Brazil during the tournament, which wraps up with the final match in Rio on July 13.
