French Foreign Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault said Russia bore a "heavy responsibility towards the Syrian people and humanity as a whole".
The resolution was "essential for peace and international security", he added.
France and Britain had drafted the Security Council resolution alongside the United States. Russia, a permanent member of the council, vetoed it along with China.
This was the seventh time that Russia, Syria's top military ally, has used its veto power to shield the Damascus regime.
"It is crucial that we do not let the crimes of those who choose to use such weapons go unpunished. This is why France took the initiative, with its partners, on this resolution," he said, expressing "deep regret" that the Security Council could not show unity on the issue.
"France will not resign itself to the abuses that continue to plague the Syrian people," Ayrault said.
"It will pursue these efforts with its partners to fight against impunity and the resort to chemical weapons."
"The Security Council's own investigation has found attacks were committed by the Syrian regime and Daesh on the Syrian people. Despite support from the majority of the Security Council, Russia, along with China, has chosen to prevent action," Johnson said in a statement.
"Along with our international partners, the UK will continue to seek justice for the victims of these heinous chemical weapons attacks and work to deter the further use of chemical weapons in Syria and elsewhere," he added.
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