Civilians in Ukraine's eastern strongholds struggle as Russia advances

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With the Russian advance deeper into the Donetsk region, the air in Ukraine's last strongholds is thick with dread, and the future for civilians who remain grows ever more uncertain.

In Kostiantynivka, once home to 67,000 people, there is no steady supply of power, water or gas. Shelling intensifies, drones fill the skies, and the city has become unbearable, driving out the last remaining civilians.

Kramatorsk, by contrast, still shows signs of life. Just 25 kilometres (15 miles) to the north, the prewar population of 147,000 has thinned, but restaurants and cafes remain open. The streets are mostly intact. Though the city has endured multiple strikes and is now dominated by the military, daily routines persist in ways that are no longer possible in nearby towns.

Once the industrial heart of Ukraine, Donetsk is being steadily reduced to rubble. Many residents fear its cities may never be rebuilt and, if the war drags on, Russia eventually will swallow what is left.

(Donetsk) region has been trampled, torn apart, turned into dust, said Natalia Ivanova, a woman in her 70s who fled Kostiantynivka in early September after a missile struck near her home. Russian President Vladimir Putin will go all the way ... I'm sure of it. I have no doubt more cities will be destroyed.

Despair and destruction  Kostiantynivka now sits on a shrinking patch of Ukrainian-held territory, wedged just west of Russian-occupied Bakhmut and nearly encircled on three sides by Moscow's forces.

They were always shooting, Ivanova said. You'd be standing there and all you'd hear was the whistle of shells.

She had two apartments. One was destroyed, and the other one was damaged. For months, she watched buildings disappear in an instant, while swarms of buzzing drones like beetles filled the sky, she said.

I never thought I'd leave, she added. I was a stolid soldier, holding on. I'm a pensioner and it (the home) was my comfort zone.

For years now, Ivanova had watched the region's cities fall: Bakhmut, then Avdiivka, and others. But the war, she said, still felt far away, even as it closed in on her doorstep.

I felt for those people, she said. But it wasn't enough to make me leave."  A blast near her building finally forced her out. The explosion bent her windows so badly she couldn't shut them before fleeing. Her apartment remained wide open. She left her whole life behind in Kostiantynivka, the city where she was born.

Please, stop it, she pleaded, directing her appeal to world leaders as she sat in an evacuation hub shortly after fleeing. It's the poorest people who suffer the most. This war is senseless and stupid. We're dying like animals by the dozens.

Living through it together  Olena Voronkova decided to leave Kostiantynivka earlier, in May, when she could no longer run her two businesses: a beauty salon and a cafe.

She and her family relocated to nearby Kramatorsk, which is so close yet, in many ways, far away, as she is no longer able to enter her hometown. It wasn't the first loss she had suffered since the war began. In 2023, a rocket strike from a multiple-launch system severely damaged their house.

The move to Kramatorsk wasn't by choice, she added, but because the circumstances left us no other option.

First came the mandatory evacuation orders. Then a curfew so strict that they could only move around the city for four hours a day. Then came the floods of remote-controlled drones.

We're used to life in the Donetsk region. We feel good here. Kramatorsk is familiar. A lot of people from our city moved here even local municipal workers, Voronkova said.

Not long after arriving in Kramatorsk, she opened a cafe that is nearly identical to the one she left behind. She said the space just happened to look similar. It has high white walls and ornate mirrors she brought from her beauty salon, which is now in the combat zone.

The cafe has since become a refuge for others who also fled Kostiantynivka.

At first, there was hope that maybe some homes would survive that people might go back, she said. Now we see it's unlikely anyone has anything left. The city is turning into another Bakhmut, Toretsk or Avdiivka. Everything is being destroyed.

She described the mood as heavy because people are losing hope, and it felt easier in Kramatorsk because everyone shared the same loss, which created a sense of connection and mutual support.

No one really knows where to go next. Everyone sees that Russia isn't stopping. And that's where the hopelessness begins. No one has a direction anymore. The uncertainty is everywhere," she said.

Seizing the day  War is slowly draining the life out of Kramatorsk, as if warning that it may be the next city to be reduced to rubble.

Daria Horlova still remembers it as a bustling place where, at 9 p.m., life in the central square was just getting started. Now it's deserted at all hours, and 9 p.m. is when a strict curfew begins. The city is regularly bombed thanks to its proximity to the front line, about 21 kilometres (13 miles) east.

It's still terrifying when something's flying overhead or strikes nearby, especially when it hits the city, the 18-year-old said. You want to cry, but there are no emotions left. No strength.

Horlova studies remotely at a local university that relocated to another region and works as a nail artist. One day, she hopes to open her own salon. For now, she and her boyfriend are stuck in limbo, unsure of what to do next.

It's terrifying that most of the Donetsk region is occupied and that it was Russia who attacked, she said. That's why it feels like everything could change at any moment. Just look at Kostiantynivka not long ago, life there was normal. And now ...

To distract herself from the anxiety and the difficult decision she might soon have to make to leave, Horlova tries to focus on what brings her joy in the moment.

She had already been evacuated from Kramatorsk once, earlier in the war, and doesn't want to repeat it.

Instead of dwelling on what the future could hold, she asked her boyfriend, a tattoo artist, to ink a large tattoo of a goat skull on her right leg, something she has dreamed about for years.

I think you just have to do things and do them as soon as you can, she said. Being here, I know this tattoo will be a memory of Kramatorsk, if I end up leaving.