The bombardment struck the town of Jayrud, 60 kilometres northeast of Damascus, where the army says Islamist rebels killed the pilot after he was forced to eject yesterday.
In its statement about the incident, the military said the attack "will not go unpunished."
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said today's attack was the first bombardment of the town in at least two years.
"Prominent figures in Jayrud have had a local truce with the regime for at least two years, and neither fired on each other," Observatory head Rami Abdel Rahman told AFP.
Activists in the town said the head of the local medical centre and several colleagues were killed.
"There have been at least 45 air strikes today. The town's medical centre was hit and its director Amjad al-Danaf was killed," activist Abu Malek al-Jayrudi told AFP via the Internet.
He said the town is home to some 60,000 people and that the bombardment had not stopped since early today.
Rebel groups in Jayrud include the Saudi-backed Jaish al- Islam (Army of Islam), the hardline Ahrar al-Sham, and Al-Qaeda affiliate Al-Nusra Front.
Several government aircraft have been shot down by rebels or crashed because of technical faults since the civil war erupted five years ago.
According to the Observatory, three Syrian officers were killed yesterday when their helicopter crashed in the south, near territory held by the Islamic State jihadist group.
Abdel Rahman said government forces had managed to recover the bodies of the victims of the crash, the cause of which remained unclear.
"We don't know if it was a technical issue or not, but the bodies are with the regime," Abdel Rahman said.
But a nationwide ceasefire between government forces and non-jihadist rebels brokered by Moscow and Washington in February has been repeatedly violated by both sides.
US officials have accused Russia of not doing enough to rein in its ally President Bashar al-Assad.
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