Global decline of large herbivores may lead to empty landscape

The decline of the world's large herbivores, especially in Southeast Asia, India and Africa, is raising the prospect of an 'empty landscape' in some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet, according to a new study.
Many populations of animals such as rhinoceroses, zebras, camels, elephants and tapirs are diminishing or threatened with extinction in grasslands, savannahs, deserts and forests, scientists say.
An international team of wildlife ecologists led by William Ripple, Oregon State University distinguished professor in the College of Forestry, conducted a comprehensive analysis of data on the world's largest herbivores (more than 100 kilogrammes, on average), including endangerment status, key threats and ecological consequences of population decline.

The authors focused on 74 large herbivore species - animals that subsist on vegetation - and concluded that "without radical intervention, large herbivores (and many smaller ones) will continue to disappear from numerous regions with enormous ecological, social, and economic costs."
Ripple initiated the study after conducting a global analysis of large-carnivore decline, which goes hand-in-hand, he said, with the loss of their herbivore prey.
"I expected that habitat change would be the main factor causing the endangerment of large herbivores," Ripple said.

"But surprisingly, the results show that the two main factors in herbivore declines are hunting by humans and habitat change. They are twin threats," he said.

The scientists in the study refer to an analysis of the decline of animals in tropical forests published in the journal BioScience in 1992.
The author, Kent H Redford, then a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Florida, first used the term 'empty forest'. While soaring trees and other vegetation may exist, he wrote, the loss of forest fauna posed a long-term threat to those ecosystems.
"Our analysis shows that it goes well beyond forest landscapes to savannahs and grasslands and deserts. So we coin a new term, the empty landscape," Ripple said.
The highest numbers of threatened large herbivores live in developing countries, especially Southeast Asia, India and Africa, scientists said.

Only one endangered large herbivore lives in Europe (the European bison), and none are in North America, which, the authors added, has "already lost most of its large mammals" through prehistoric hunting and habitat changes.
The authors noted that 25 of the largest wild herbivores now occupy an average of only 19 per cent of their historical ranges.
Competition from livestock production, which has tripled globally since 1980, has reduced herbivore access to land, forage and water and raised disease transmission risks, they added.
The study is published in Science Advances, the online journal of Science magazine.