Virus may help treat prostate cancer

Scientists including one of Indian-origin have discovered that a modified Newcastle disease virus can kill all kinds of prostate cancer cells without harming normal body cells.
The modified virus is now ready to be tested in preclinical animal models, and possibly in phase I human clinical trials, scientists said.
"A treatment for prostate cancer based on this virus would avoid the adverse side effects typically associated with hormonal treatment for prostate cancer, as well as those associated with cancer chemotherapies generally," said corresponding author Subbiah Elankumaran of Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg.
Newcastle disease virus kills chickens, but does not harm humans. It is an oncolytic virus that hones in on tumours, and has shown promising results in a number of human clinical trials for various forms of cancer.

Successful treatments have required multiple injections of large quantities of virus, because in such trials the virus probably failed to reach solid tumours in sufficient quantities, and spread poorly within the tumours.
The researchers addressed this problem by modifying the virus's fusion protein. Fusion protein fuses the virus envelope to the cell membrane, enabling the virus to enter the host cell. These proteins are activated by being cleaved by any of a number of different cellular proteases.

They modified the fusion protein in their construct such that it can be cleaved only by prostate specific antigen (which is a protease).

That minimises off-target losses, because these "retargeted" viruses interact only with prostate cancer cells, thus reducing the amount of virus needed for treatment.
Retargeted Newcastle disease virus has major potential advantages over other cancer therapies, Elankumaran said in a statement released by American Society for Microbiology.
First, its specificity for prostate cancer cells means it would not attack normal cells, thereby avoiding the various unpleasant side effects of conventional chemotherapies.
In previous clinical trials, even with extremely large doses of naturally occurring strains, "only mild flu-like symptoms were seen in cancer patients", said Elankumaran.
Second, it would provide a new treatment for hormone-refractory patients, without the side effects of testosterone suppression that result from hormonal treatments.

The study will be published in the Journal of Virology.