In his book, ‘21 Lessons for the 21st Century’ historian Yuval Noah Harari talks about running many alternative algorithms on the same network, so that a patient in a remote jungle village can access through her smartphone, not just a single authoritative doctor but actually a hundred different AI (artificial intelligence) doctors, whose relative performance is constantly being compared. “You don't like what the IBM doctor told you? No problem. Even if you are stranded somewhere on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, you can easily contact the Baidu doctor for a second opinion,” he says in the book. The benefits for